Flavonoid metabolites reduce tumor necrosis factor-α secretion to a greater extent than their precursor compounds in human THP-1 monocytes.

di Gesso, J.L., Kerr, J.S., Zhang, Q., Raheem, S., Yalamanchili, S.K., O’Hagan, D., Kay, C.D. and O'Connell, M.A. 2015. Flavonoid metabolites reduce tumor necrosis factor-α secretion to a greater extent than their precursor compounds in human THP-1 monocytes. Molecular Nutrition & Food Research. 59 (6), pp. 1143-1154. https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201400799

TitleFlavonoid metabolites reduce tumor necrosis factor-α secretion to a greater extent than their precursor compounds in human THP-1 monocytes.
TypeJournal article
Authorsdi Gesso, J.L.
Kerr, J.S.
Zhang, Q.
Raheem, S.
Yalamanchili, S.K.
O’Hagan, D.
Kay, C.D.
O'Connell, M.A.
Abstract

Scope - Flavonoids are generally studied in vitro, in isolation, and as unmetabolized precursor structures. However, in the habitual diet, multiple flavonoids are consumed together and found present in the circulation as complex mixtures of metabolites. Using a unique study design, we investigated the potential for singular or additive anti-inflammatory effects of flavonoid metabolites relative to their precursor structures.

Methods and results - Six flavonoids, 14 flavonoid metabolites, and 29 combinations of flavonoids and their metabolites (0.1–10 μM) were screened for their ability to reduce LPS-induced tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) secretion in THP-1 monocytes. One micromolar peonidin-3-glucoside, cyanidin-3-glucoside, and the metabolites isovanillic acid (IVA), IVA-glucuronide, vanillic acid-glucuronide, protocatechuic acid-3-sulfate, and benzoic acid-sulfate significantly reduced TNF-α secretion when in isolation, while there was no effect on TNF-α mRNA expression. Four combinations of metabolites that included 4-hydroxybenzoic acid (4HBA) and/or protocatechuic acid also significantly reduced TNF-α secretion to a greater extent than the precursors or metabolites alone. The effects on LPS-induced IL-1β and IL-10 secretion and mRNA expression were also examined. 4HBA significantly reduced IL-1β secretion but none of the flavonoids or metabolites significantly modified IL-10 secretion.

Conclusion - This study provides novel evidence suggesting flavonoid bioactivity results from cumulative or additive effects of circulating metabolites.

JournalMolecular Nutrition & Food Research
Journal citation59 (6), pp. 1143-1154
ISSN1613-4133
Year2015
PublisherWiley
Publisher's version
Digital Object Identifier (DOI)https://doi.org/10.1002/mnfr.201400799
Publication dates
Published03 May 2015

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